9/11 Security Easures Essay

1.What impact did the events of 9/11 have on your sense of security/vulnerability? The events of September 11th brought a harsh reality to light. I remember sitting home thinking this wasn’t real and when I finally did catch on and see this was really happening I was overcome with fear. I wasn’t sure if we as a nation were safe or what would happen next. I kept saying to myself â€Å"How they can say they are here to protect us and this happens?† 2. Do you agree or disagree with the U.S. response to the attacks? I partially agree partially with the United States’ response to the attacks in terms of security measures and then the other part of me just shakes my head and wonder what it is the people in charge are thinking. I feel that with such high powered branches of government and security that the events of 9/11 should have never taken place. I appreciate the higher security to an extent at the airport but then it shouldn’t have taken such a tragic event for them have such high security measures in place then on the other side of the scope it’s inconvenient for everyone else involved to have to adjust to new procedures when the government dropped the ball. Going to war wasn’t the answer at all to punish someone for taking lives we go takes lives of their nation by risking the lives of more people from ours†¦I’m extremely confused with this practice. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay †¢Which aspects of the U.S. response do you feel have been most successful and effective? None of them, even with more security efforts in place it has only made a bigger issue arise in the process some are harassed more than others because of nationality I have been with Arabian and Egyptian friends at the airport and have had to wait longer with them as they were drilled about what part of the U.S they were going to questions about the birthplaces of their parents and even their own birthplaces. Is this what we have reduced ourselves down to? †¢Which aspects of the U.S. response do you feel have been least effective or even counter-productive? War period †¢Do you feel safer now than they did after 9/11? Why or why not? I still feel the same no one is safe not here in the U.S and not those outside our country the response to the 9/11 attacks goes against everything being an American is about. †¢What areas of vulnerability do you think have not been addressed that should be? The vulnerability of our people to depend on each other and the government to support us, provide us with a sense of security/protection, and to give us a voice to be heard to say what actions are taken in such tragic events. †¢Do you agree or disagree with the term â€Å"War on Terrorism?† Do you think the â€Å"war† will ever be â€Å"won†, and all terrorist threats completely eliminated? If you disagree on the term, what would you suggest as an alternative? I strongly disagree with the term â€Å"war on Terrorism†! This war will never end there will always be someone somewhere who doesn’t agree with the practices of another individual, group, or country. This comes from â€Å"societies† teachings of making one group more superior than the other until that cycle alone is broken there will be a new breed of â€Å"terrorists/terrorism† everyday. †¢Do they feel civil liberties, including privacy rights, have been curtailed significantly in the wake of the U.S. response? If so, in what way? Is some curtailment of some civil liberties for some individuals a necessary step, even if not ideal? Doyou agree with the government’s justifications for wiretapping, etc? All in all I actually believe that some civil liberties have in fact been curtailed, however, no matter how you try to turn it you can’t have me say that its’ right. Everyone is entitled to his/her privacy no matter who they are and what they have done before in life. I don’t feel anything justifies the reasoning behind the government wanting to use wiretapping or video surveillance to pry into the personal lives of any individual I understand that this helps to stop these so called terrorists but then again it’s a way for the government to bully people by taking their private feelings and using them against them. †¢Do you agree with holding captured suspects indefinitely, without charge? Or do you think suspects should enjoy due process and be tried in civilian courts? I think everyone should be given the right to due process and how can you hold someone indefinitely without charging them of something in my mind that would be kidnapping/false imprisonment and that’s preposterous! †¢What are your thoughts on secret prisons, extraordinary rendition, and the Enemy Combatants at Guantanamo Bay? Secret prisons†¦somewhere I can take someone and do anything imaginable to them and they either not return or comeback badly beaten yet have no proof of where they were when this happened which means no evidence and possibly they don’t even see the person who does the harm to them. Where is the fairness/justice in this the government justifies their inhumane treatment of others with the word â€Å"terrorism†, yet isn’t the government guilty of doing the same thing that we imprison â€Å"serial killers, rapists, etc.† for? The government at first said that no torture went on at Guantanamo Bay that the detainees were only being held for questioning then one person came out and admitted that Mohammed was being tortured there and we expect protection from a government that constantly lies to us. †¢Do you agree with the rationale behind the invasion of either Afghanistan or Iraq or both? There really is no rationale behind it unless you are trying to say that since they came and used our planes to destroy our buildings and kill our people that we have every right to go over to their territory and shoot, bomb, and kill their people. Yea sure that’s very rational indeed let’s go do the same thing they did to us â€Å"that will make it better† †¢Are citizens of other countries at all justified in their negative view of America’s stand in the World? Yes they are America is at war with itself and that only makes the other countries wonder how we could be in power of anything. China has had several problems with dynasty leaders but they rose up as a people to overcome that. America has problems and they branch of into several groups screaming for the spotlight without any real answers to the problems here everyone wants to be right where in other places it’s about simply getting better than what they are currently dealing with a chance for growth. Something America has forgotten about.

George Orwell’s novel Essay

George Orwell’s novel 1984, has been the center of much discussion since it was first published in 1949. A novel about a dystopian society that is ruled by a government with supreme power called Big Brother, 1984 raises a lot of curiosity about censorship and how secure freedom of speech really is for those who supposedly have it. Orwell uses the novel’s main character, Winston, as the vessel for carrying his message about censorship. Winston works for the Ministry of Truth, rewriting historical texts to suit the needs of a sect Big Brother called, the Party. History in Oceania must be censored so that it appears Big Brother has been and will always be there to watch over the citizens. Winston believes Big Brother’s ways to be unethical and illegal purchases a diary to record his personal thoughts, even though he knows such actions are considered to be thoughtcrimes. If he is caught, he will be severely punished. Though Winston has the desire to rebel, he is able to stifle his individuality and personal desires quite well. His act, however, becomes more complicated after he meets a beautiful, dark-haired girl named, Julia. Because personal relationships are not appropriate, Julia gives Winston a note she has written in which she proclaims her love for him. Because love, like everything else in Oceania, is censored, Winston and Julia develop their relationship in secret. They eventually move into an apartment together and things seem to go smoothly. Both Winston and Julia feel that Big Brother has too much control over the lives of the citizens. Citizens are not allowed to think for themselves, fall in love, nor are they allowed to experience natural freedom of expression. The lovers are able to put aside their fears of being caught in order to experience the intense passion that often comes with falling in love. Things, however, eventually take a turn for the worse and the lovers are discovered. The discovery, is in part, due to Winston’s fatalistic nature. He becomes unnecessarily risky and carries with him intense paranoia that they will eventually be caught. Due to the novel’s grim ending that involves Big Brother prevailing over the hero, Winston, 1984’s messages stay with the reader for hours, in part, because extreme forms of censorship have existed in earthly historical societies and in many societies today. Examples of past instances of harsh and extreme censorship include the Inquisition, and the Holocaust. During both of these horrific historical events, people were denied some right of expression. During the Inquisition, people were denied the right to choose their religion. For many, that basic right is similar to the right to love, which the citizens of Oceania were denied. The Catholic institution, like Big Brother, attempted to convert heretics or kill them for their disobedience. The Nazi party was also similar to Big Brother. Members of the party could not imagine speaking out against Hitler’s regime for fear of being killed or punished. The Nazi party, like Big Brother, made use of propaganda, and children who were easily influenced. Such propaganda is, in a way, a form of censorship because it promotes an idea that plays into the desires of a major organization, making it seem better than the alternative. When these historical examples are taken into consideration, it is easy to imagine why Orwell’s warning of extreme censorship is still valid in today’s society regardless of its technological advancements. Making Orwell’s message even more appropriate, however sad and unfortunate, are examples of such censorship today. Because censorship is still an issue today, the novel resonates with readers. Everyone experiences censorship often, perhaps on a daily basis. People may feel the need to censor themselves at work, home in front of children or parents, in class, etc for fear of being judged harshly or hurting another’s feelings. Another common example of modern censorship is keeping one’s sexual orientation a secret. Many feel the need to fall in love in the shadows like Winston and Julia because of what society may think of them. Sadly, today’s society is also responsible for many hate crimes every year. Many also keep journals and diaries like Winston in order to express their most private thoughts, dreams, desires, and fears. Because Winston is like so many normal people in today’s society, his character is very successful. Like Winston, the average person, when faced with something they feel is wrong or inappropriate, feels powerless to make a difference. I, for one, relate to his secret note-taking, his hidden relationship, and the urge to overcome society’s censorship because I still believe in the freedom of expression that supposedly exists in America. However, I, like Winston, am powerless to make any real change, so I succumb daily to desires that are not my own. The strength of Winston’s character alone makes 1984 a novel to stand the test of time. Or, perhaps it will be a book to be burned if censorship in our society continues to prevail.

Is Internet Better Than Teacher?

Is internet better than teacher? Today we are living in a modern world where science and technology are being used in every aspect of our daily life, which makes our life safe and comfortable. Internet is one of the key elements of our modern life. We use internet for communication, banking, entertainment, buying-selling, trading, tickets booking and for many other countless reasons. Most of all youngsters often use internet as a source of information for their educational purpose. Now a question arises if internet is better than teacher or not.Obviously internet is a great medium of learning or magnificent resources of teaching, but yet it no way equals to a living teacher. If we take internet as a medium of education, it can be called an ocean of information. Whatever we need in our school work or any assignment, all we need is a few strokes in the keyboard and in a second millions pages appear. Notes, lectures, video learning, audio assistance, dictionary and almost everything are available in the internet, is fairly sufficient to appease any inquisitive mind.In comparison to human teacher, internet is absolutely free, there is no time bound and different views for the same topic that provides us with more choices and give us an opportunity for broader analysis. Nowadays, it is possible to take exam or test on the internet, and with a digital checking system we can know our score almost immediately. This allows people to have college or even university degree from home. Some people claim the internet as to be a virtual teacher for many students.Although internet has been proved as an important factor in education system, but it can not be the alternate to a human teacher. It can be called merely a virtual teacher but not the real living teacher. Internet is like one way learning system, it is totally depends on the learner what or how he or she would learn. Unlike a human teacher there is no check and balance. So the possibility of exploitation is much great er.It is like a teacher who has no ears nor any emotion, that is to say internet is not interactive for dynamic and real teaching system. It can check a paper's spelling and grammar, but they cannot teach someone style or help clarify an idea. A real teacher interacts with students with their individual level of intelligence and their respective ability of learning. Some students are keen to learn whereas some are slow in progress, some are inattentive or some may have a tendency to despise the importance of education.Only a real human teacher can addresses these variations among the students by judging their attitude and he can take appropriate measures accordingly. Internet can enhance our knowledge, but it can not play the role of a teacher. During the schooling we not only learn the theories of science, mathematics or history but also learn discipline, morality, behavior and exchanging our views by improvising ideas, which is impossible in the virtual world of internet. Therefor e for the complete education, a teacher can not be replaced by internet

Port state control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Port state control - Essay Example Generally speaking, governments possess neither the inspection expertise required to uphold international standards nor the worldwide network of surveyors needed to ensure compliance. Contracting for the assistance of private actors indicates an effort to comply with international standards. But it might be asked whether some of the states attempting to pursue a survey and compliance regime on their own have an adequate infrastructure to fulfill their treaty obligations. The IMO presses on and multilateral efforts to improve the overall performance of flag states will undoubtedly bear some fruit. Nevertheless, it appears that effective global governance of shipping safety in the foreseeable future will rely heavily on the actions of responsible port states, working unilaterally and in groups, and on the industry's reactions to port state control efforts. (IMO, 295) The right of the port state to take action against a vessel when it violates port state regulations established in accordance with internationally agreed-upon standards is well established in international law.

The decisions made by the Bush administration, for the first time in Essay

The decisions made by the Bush administration, for the first time in American history, approving extraordinary procedures of investigation, questioning, and punishment to use in the War on Terror - Essay Example A UN panel formed on November 2004, defined terrorism as any act aimed to cause bodily harm to civilians for compelling the government to do any act (Allen). Even though America declared war against terror after the September 11 attacks, it conducted anti terrorist operations since the early 1990’s. From this period the US Government was operating anti terror programmes. One such programme was forcible capturing or seizing suspected terrorists from foreign countries and transferring them to a 3rd country. This programme came to be known as Extraordinary rendition. It was expanded by the Bush administration after the 2001 attacks. Latest records reveal that up to 1245 flights have been operated for transporting terror suspects from undisclosed locations to detention centers operated by CIA also called as Black sites. This action by the US government has created tensions between its European allies, namely the Council of Europe, Congressional committees and Human rights organizations. They have questioned the legality of the programme even though forgetting the ill effects of terror attacks suffered by US and many other foreign countries. This programme of Extraordinary rendition was formed after the 1993 attacks on US. It was a way for the CIA for keeping the terror suspects out from the American court system because they feared that the intelligence system could be jeopardized. This programme got approval from the Presidential Decision Directive 39 issued by President Bill Clinton. This directive gave suggestions regarding procedures to be used for forcible abduction of terrorists without the permission of the host governments. Actually this act was a blatant encroachment against the sovereignty of other nations on the grounds of fight against terror. This programme was extensively used after the September 11 attacks by the US government. The programme of Extraordinary rendition was promoted first by Richard

Tax Havens or Offshore Financial Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tax Havens or Offshore Financial Centre - Essay Example in Europe, Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia, and various Caribbean island nations in the Americas.† (2004: p 2) The study makes a comparative analysis of the tax haven regions with heavy tax zones to project the differences economies examine in respect of laving taxes on the companies and firms. The present study has also been supported by the literature relevant to the topic of the research. The research also contains theoretical framework in its fold that is helpful in elucidating the topic under study. Different economies of the world at large have offered a variety of incentives to the corporations, organisations, and firms so that investment can be made within their economic set up, and economy could observe an imperative boost in the state of perfect competition created all over the globe in the aftermath of globalisation. The UK, USA, the UAE and other countries have established offshore centres for the local, national and multinational firms and brands, where the firms of sound reputation are offered considerable concessions in taxes and tolls, which encourages more and more firms make investment under rules and regulations designed by the governments for the offshore centres. â€Å"According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development†, Almeida submits, â€Å"international tax competition is lowering tax rates and making government expenditure more efficient worldwide.† (2004: p 2) Though tax havens do not exist in China and Germany in their t rue definition, yet there exist several low tax authorities in many countries of the world. These include Italy, the USA, Canada, China, Germany, France, Australia and others. â€Å"About a quarter of US and UK FDI†, Dharmapala notices, â€Å"is located in tax havens. By way of comparison, tax havens are home to only 0.7 per cent of the worlds population when havens are defined as in DH (2006), or just 0.2 per cent when using the OECD definition.† (2008: p 4) Since low tax rates leave indelible

Trends in healthcare services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trends in healthcare services - Essay Example This option is optimal because it enables the government to collect adequate funds from the workers for the national health insurance program. In addition, this platform is fair to all the groups of workers considered as it applies the charges as a percentage of their payroll; hence a worker contributes an amount relative to his or her salary. This also makes the platform fair for all (Diamond & Vartiainen, 2012). Currently, there exist different types of health insurance plans that individuals can opt for in a quest to secure health insurance. In addition, there also exist a number of health maintenance organizations, capitations, as well as preferred provider organization within the health insurance market. These different platforms of health security and insurance have a significant effect on the trends of healthcare services today. For one, these aspects have made it possible for more people within the population to be in a position to afford and access quality medical healthcare services despite their income levels, especially considering the high cost of medical services within the United States. In fact, the US is one of the developed countries that has the highest or the most expensive health care program in the world, thereby subjecting a great portion of its populace to poor health care services due to unaffordability (Feldstein, 2011). Nowadays, a health insurer has to consider a number of factors, on both the economic as well as the societal platforms that affect the pricing and demand of health care services within the market. Health insurance exists in order to provide the people with access to quality medical healthcare. However, the people need to afford these insurance policies in order to be in a position to subscribe to them appropriately. Therefore, in setting the price for these health insurance programs, the insurers need to consider the income levels of each

English Only Debate Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Only Debate Paper - Assignment Example Schools should provide the language classes our immigrants and their families need, as long as their purpose is the teaching of EnglishBut we must stop the practice of multilingual education as a means of instilling ethnic pride or as therapy for low self-esteem or out of elitist guilt over a culture built on the traditions of the West." Those who support English Only tend to be United States citizens interested in preserving our long-held common language, those who want to avoid ethnic strife, those fighting civil rights improvements for minorities, those who long for national unity and civic responsibility, those who fear assimilation will be discouraged by bilingual education and voting, those with animosity towards immigrants, those who believe Hispanics and Asians already enjoy unfair advantages, those in political leadership attempting to set a tone of isolation, racists, and those who are threatened by the concept of diversity (Crawford, 1997). According to the National Education Association (2001, pg. ... My Personal Opinion I tend to take the neutral stance on highly controversial debates because I am not one to willingly face strong confrontation. However, if I had to choose a side, I would support the English only initiatives. The reasoning that opponents to the issue give actually supports the very reason why the initiative should go through. They say it is important to preserve native culture and language, and that's one of the main reasons why they are opposed to it. Well, what about the people that were raised in the United States Do they not deserve to have their culture and language preserved as well Conclusion The purpose of this assignment has been to compare and contrast both sides of the controversial issue and explain the writer's opinion on the English Only debate. Whereas both sides make convincing arguments, it still seems only natural that a country would get to keep its native language as its own. If too many cultures and languages are supported, the United States will become something its not and may very well come apart. References Crawford, J.W. (1997). The English Only movement. Issues in U.S. Language Policy. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jWCRAWFORD/engonly.htm English Only. (2001). National Education

Native American Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Native American Culture - Essay Example Vocals were very important and were the anchor of the Native American music (Pritzker, 1998). Singing and percussion was crucial and songs ranged from solo to responsorial and multipart singing (Barreiro, Akwe: kon Press. & National Museum of the American Indian ,2004). Music was mainly done by groups of people and hence there was no musical harmony and the rhythms were irregular. The people who sang songs were very passionate and spiritual and when they sang, they did it to involve spirits, make rain or heal the sick. Music form different tribes differed in terms of vocals and dancing styles. A common characteristic in all Native American music is that while dancing, men danced round in circles while the women danced in one place. Native American music is very intricate and complex due to the combined vocals and varying sounds from drums and flutes. The music began at a lower note and gradually grew faster and more emphatic both in vocals and sounds from the musical instruments. The natives were from very many tribes ad each tribe had a unique dancing style and hence the Native American culture in music is so rich. Tribes such as the Eskimos produced simple music and simple dancing styles while other tribes such as the Zuni and Hopi are characterized with very complex music comprising of different vocals and many dancing styles. The Native American music has not been replicated in the modern music, but the folk dances of the present day resemble those of the past. Music played a vital role in the Native American communities was simply unavoidable (Barreiro, Akwe: kon Press. & National Museum of the American Indian ,2004). Music was played for historical purposes, for education and for passing of information from one generation to another. Most songs contained information that the different tribes wanted to keep and hence such songs were often played. Ceremonial music was respected since it was said that they originated

Is the Internet Ruining English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is the Internet Ruining English - Essay Example Why should be English be afraid of the internet? If the changes and additions in the language have been accepted in the past, the only noticeable issue with internet and English is the speed of the former, meaning how it has accelerated the process. This cannot be attributed to the negative trait. One cannot expect the internet--savvy modern combustible younger generation to read William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens. If they creative computer games, it is their choice. The language perfectionists argue that text messaging has spoiled the beauty of communications through grammatically perfect language and through complete sentences. One who sends the message is certainly not writing a paper for the competitive examination. If texts are filled with abbreviation and the one who reads that text perfectly understands the message conveyed, the purpose is served. Such practice was also vogue in the good old days when people sent telegrams with short and crisp messages. When small childre n lisp and try to communicate, will not the elders enjoy that communication? The longevity and popularity of such communications relate to their unequivocal acceptance. Formulation of new words is like finding of a new star in the galaxy. Once it is found, it has to be admitted as part of the galaxy and it is the permanent member of the star formations. The argument that technospeak will rule at the cost of standards and creativity, is a wishful thinking.Even assuming that globalization will impose sameness if that is for the betterment of humankind, there is nothing wrong with it. Just like the members of a family speak one language, the â€Å"global family† when it adopts certain uniform computer terminologies, it will be for greater good.

Strategic Analysis of Costa Coffee Market Entry to Azerbaijan Assignment

Strategic Analysis of Costa Coffee Market Entry to Azerbaijan - Assignment Example The chosen country is Azerbaijan which is located in Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range. (CIA 2012). It is of utmost importance that the company finds the niche factors that will guaranty its successful entry in Azerbaijan. Initial to the process is a research that analyzes the market. Objectives to be met are: a) to discover any advantage Costa Coffee may have over its competitors; b) To find if there is an unmet need or underserved needs of customers; and c) find the right segment. To complete the analysis, use of Michel Porter's model of analysis is prescribed. 1. Consumer Demographics. Azerbaijan has a total population of 9,643,000 as of 2011 (CIA). It is composed of 3,436,459 females and 3,307,88l males in the bracket of ages 15-64 and a male population of 227,172 and 367,675 bracket of 65 years and above. Population is composed of Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.9% (1999 census). Population growth rate is 1.017% with a rank of 114 in world comparison. Baku, its capital holds 1.9 million people. 2. Product/service. Tea and coffee remain to be the favorite hot drinks in Azerbaijan. Euromonitor (2012) reports tea is consumed by almost 100% of its citizens, while coffee remains to be one of the stable areas in hot drinks, Multinationals strongly positioned here are Nestle, Unilever, and Ahmad due to the popularity of their brands. Brand loyalty is very strong in coffee. Their business structures are general partnership agreement with an LLC for Nestle, a trading company for Unilever, and corporation for Ahmad coffee. 3. Distribution channel. Hot tea and coffee products are sold in supermarkets and independent stores.  

Marketing strategies Essay Example for Free

Marketing strategies Essay The word â€Å"strategy† is derived from the Greek word â€Å"stratà §gos†; stratus (meaning army) and â€Å"ago† (meaning leading/moving). Strategy is an action that managers take to attain one or more of the organization’s goals. Strategy can also be defined as â€Å"A general direction set for the company and its various components to achieve a desired state in the future. Strategy results from the detailed strategic planning process†. A strategy is all about integrating organizational activities and utilizing and allocating the scarce resources within the organizational environment so as to meet the present objectives. While planning a strategy it is essential to consider that decisions are not taken in a vaccum and that any act taken by a firm is likely to be met by a reaction from those affected, competitors, customers, employees or suppliers. Strategy can also be defined as knowledge of the goals, the uncertainty of events and the need to take into consideration the likely or actual behavior of others. Strategy is the blueprint of decisions in an organization that shows its objectives and goals, reduces the key policies, and plans for achieving these goals, and defines the business the company is to carry on, the type of economic and human organization it wants to be, and the contribution it plans to make to its shareholders, customers and society at large. Features of strategic management Strategy relates the firm to its environment, particularly the external environ-ment in all actions whether objective setting, or actions and resources required for its achievement. This definition emphasizes on the systems approach of management and treats an organization as part of the society consequently affected by it. Strategy is the right combination of factors both external and internal. In relating an organization to its environment, the management must also consider the internal factors too, particularly its strengths and weaknesses, to take various courses of action. Strategy is relative combination of actions. The combination is to meet a particu-lar condition, to solve certain problems, or to attain a desirable objective. It may take any form; for every situation varies and, therefore, requires a somewhat different approach. Strategy may even involve contradictory action. Since strategic action depends on environmental variables, a manager may take an action today and revise or reverse his steps tomorrow depending on the situations. Strategy is forward looking. It has orientation towards the future. Strategic ac-tion is required in a new situation. Nothing-new requiring solutions can exist in the past, and so strategy is relevant only to the future. Process The strategic management process is more than just a set of rules to follow. It is a philosophical approach to business. Upper management must think strategically first, then apply that thought to a process. The strategic management process is best implemented when everyone within the business understands the strategy. The five stages of the process are goal-setting, analysis, strategy formation, strategy implementation and strategy monitoring. 1. Goal-Setting The purpose of goal-setting is to clarify the vision for your business. This stage consists of identifying three key facets: First, define both short- and long-term objectives. Second, identify the process of how to accomplish your objective. Finally, customize the process for your staff, give each person a task with which he can succeed. Keep in mind during this process your goals to be detailed, realistic and match the values of your vision. Typically, the final step in this stage is to write a mission statement that succinctly communicates your goals to both your shareholders and your staff. 2. Analysis Analysis is a key stage because the information gained in this stage will shape the next two stages. In this stage, gather as much information and data relevant to accomplishing your vision. The focus of the analysis should be on understanding the needs of the business as a sustainable entity, its strategic direction and identifying initiatives that will help your business grow. Examine any external or internal issues that can affect your goals and objectives. Make sure to identify both the strengths and weaknesses of your organization as well as any threats and opportunities that may arise along the path. 3. Strategy Formulation The first step in forming a strategy is to review the information gleaned from completing the analysis. Determine what resources the business currently has that can help reach the defined goals and objectives. Identify any areas of which the business must seek external resources. The issues facing the company should be prioritized by their importance to your success. Once prioritized, begin formulating the strategy. Because business and economic situations are fluid, it is critical in this stage to develop alternative approaches that target each step of the plan. 4. Strategy Implementation Successful strategy implementation is critical to the success of the business venture. This is the action stage of the strategic management process. If the overall strategy does not work with the business current structure, a new structure should be installed at the beginning of this stage. Everyone within the organization must be made clear of their responsibilities and duties, and how that fits in with the overall goal. Additionally, any resources or funding for the venture must be secured at this point. Once the funding is in place and the employees are ready, execute the plan. 5. Evaluation and Control Strategy evaluation and control actions include performance measurements, consistent review of internal and external issues and making corrective actions when necessary. Any successful evaluation of the strategy begins with defining the parameters to be measured. These parameters should mirror the goals set in Stage Types of strategic management 1. Functional strategies Functional strategy- selection of decision rules in each functional area. Thus, functional strategies in any organization, some (e.g., marketing strategy, financial strategy, etc.). It is desirable that they have been fixed in writing. In particular, functional strategies are as follows: Production strategy( make or buy) defines what the company produces itself, and that purchases from suppliers or partners, that is, how far worked out the production chain. Financial Strategy- to select the main source of funding: the development of their own funds (depreciation, profit, the issue of shares, etc.) or through debt financing (bank loans, bonds, commodity suppliers credits, etc.). Organizational strategy- decision on the organization of the staff (choose the type of organizational structure, compensation system, etc.). May be allocated and other functional strategies, for example, the strategy for research and experimental development (R D), investment strategy, etc. In addition, each of the functional strategies can be divided into components. For example, organizational strategy can be divided into three components: strategy of building organizations to select the type of structure (divisional, functional, project, etc.); strategy to work with the staff a way of training (mainly administrative staff), training of staff (in a business or educational institutions), career planning, etc.; Strategy wages (in the broader sense rewards and penalties) in particular, the approach to the compensation of senior managers (salary, bonuses, profit sharing, etc.). Organization for the implementation of the strategy at the functional area responsible senior specialist (Ch. Engineer, Director of Finance), at the enterprise level the general director or director of the department, at the level of groups of companies a collegiate body (management, board of directors). 2. Human resources Role in Strategy Formulation: HRM is in a unique position to supply competitive intelligence that may be useful in strategy formulation. Details regarding advanced incentive plans used by competitors, opinion survey data from employees, elicit information about customer complaints, information about pending legislation etc. can be provided by HRM. Unique HR capabilities serve as a driving force in strategy formulation. 3. Marketing strategies Marketing management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firms marketing resources and activities. Globalization has led firms to market beyond the borders of their home countries, making international marketinghighly significant and an integral part of a firms marketing strategy. Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of customer demand accepted definition of the term. In part, this is because the role of a marketing manager can vary significantly based on a businesss size, corporate culture, and industry context. For example, in a large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act as the overall general manager of his or her assigned product. To create an effective, cost-efficient marketing management strategy, firms must possess a detailed, objective understanding of their own business and the market in which they operate. In analyzing these issues, the discipline of marketing management often overlaps with the related discipline of strategic planning. To achieve the desired objectives, marketers typically identify one or more target customer segments which they intend to pursue. Customer segments are often selected as targets because they score highly on two dimensions: 1) The segment is attractive to serve because it is large, growing, makes frequent purchases, is not price sensitive (i.e. is willing to pay high prices), or other factors; and 2) The company has the resources and capabilities to compete for the segments business, can meet their needs better than the competition, and can do so profitably. [3] In fact, a commonly cited definition of marketing is simply meeting needs profitably. 4. Financial strategy To get the most out of your financial resources and achieve sustainability youll need to successfully manage all your funding and financing sources in an overarching strategy for your organisation. Many organisations manage income from a number of different funding and finance sources from donations, grants, contracts and income generated from trading. A financial strategy enables your organisation to assess your financial needs and the sources of support required to meet your objectives and fulfil the organisational mission, whilst also planning for continued growth to enable stability. Youre financial strategy will derive from your mission. So the first step is to clearly define why you exist and you plan to achieve your mission before preparing any budgets. Cadbury History Birmingham 1824 John Cadbury was one of ten children of Richard Tapper Cadbury, a prominent Quaker who had moved to Birmingham, England from the West Country in 1794. In 1824, 22-year-old John Cadbury opened his first shop at 93 Bull Street, next to his fathers drapery and silk business in the then fashionable part of Birmingham. Apart from selling tea and coffee, John Cadbury sold hops, mustard and a new sideline cocoa and drinking chocolate, which he prepared using a mortar and pestle. Cocoa and drinking chocolate had been introduced into England in the 1650s but remained a luxury enjoyed by the elite of English society. Customers at John Cadburys shop were amongst the most prosperous Birmingham families, the only ones who could afford the delicacy. Cocoa beans were imported from South and Central America and the West Indies. Experimenting with his mortar and pestle, John Cadbury produced a range of cocoa and chocolate drinks, the latter with added sugar. The products were sold in blocks: customers scraped a little off into a cup or saucepan and added hot milk or water. John Cadbury had a considerable flair for advertising and promotion. John Cadbury is desirous of introducing to particular notice Cocoa Nibs, prepared by himself, an article affording a most nutritious beverage for breakfast, announced his first advertisement in the Birmingham Gazette in March 1824. He soon established himself as one of the leading cocoa and drinking chocolate traders in Birmingham. The popularity and growing sales of John Cadburys cocoa and drinking chocolate of superior quality determined the future direction of the business. In 1831, John Cadbury rented a small factory in Crooked Lane not far from his shop. He became a manufacturer of drinking chocolate and cocoa, laying the foundation for the Cadbury chocolate business. These early cocoa and drinking chocolates were balanced with potato starch and sago flour to counter the high cocoa butter content, while other ingredients were added to give healthy properties. By 1842, John Cadbury was selling sixteen lines of drinking chocolate and cocoa in cake and powder forms. The Quaker Influence The Cadbury family were prominent members of the Society of Friends or Quakers, one of the many nonconformist religious groups formed in the 17th century. Their strong beliefs carried into campaigns aimed at ending poverty and deprivation and many prominent Quaker-run businesses were part of reforms of social and industrial society in Victorian Britain. John Cadburys lifelong involvement with the Temperance Society influenced the direction of his business enterprise. By providing tea, coffee, cocoa and chocolate as an alternative to alcohol he felt he was helping to alleviate some of the alcolohol-related causes of poverty and deprivation amongst working people. He also incorporated some of these principles in his industrial relations philosophy. (See A Progressive Workplace) Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham John Cadbury As the enterprise prospered, in 1847 John Cadbury rented a larger factory in Bridge Street, off Broad Street, in the centre of Birmingham and went into partnership with his brother Benjamin trading as Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. The retail side of the business in Bull Street was passed to a nephew, Richard Cadbury Barrow in 1849. Barrow Stores, as it became, traded in Central Birmingham until the 1960s. A major turning point for the cocoa and chocolate industry came in the mid-1850s, when taxes on imported cocoa beans were reduced by Prime Minister William Gladstone. The previously prohibitive chocolate products were now within the reach of the wider population. Cadbury Brothers received their first Royal Warrant on February 4, 1854 as manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria. The company continues to hold royal warrants of appointment. During the 1850s business began to decline. The partnership between the first Cadbury brothers was dissolved in 1860, a difficult time in the companys history. John Cadburys sons Richard and George, who had joined the company in the 1850s, became the second Cadbury brothers to run the business when their father retired due to failing health in 1861. John Cadbury devoted the rest of his life to civic and social work in Birmingham until his death in 1889. Although they had worked in their fathers business for some years, the prospects for Richard. 25, and George, 21, were daunting. Their first five years were a period of unremitting toil with few customers, long hours and very frugal living. Both seriously considered taking up other vocations Richard as a surveyor in England and George as a tea planter in India. George was focused on manufacturing, and Richard with sales, but in the early days both brothers went out and promoted their goods. Due to their dedication, sheer hard work and improvements in the quality of Cadbury cocoa products, the business survived and prospered. Technological Advancements Historic packaging Dissatisfied with the quality of cocoa products, including their own, the Cadbury brothers took a momentous step in 1866 that not only had a bearing on their business but revolutionised the whole of the British cocoa business. Until that time English cocoa had been heavily adulterated with starch substances like potato flour or sago to mask the excess cocoa butter. The cocoa drink, as described by George Cadbury himself, was a comforting gruel. Following a visit to the Van Houten factory in Holland to see their new cocoa press, the brothers introduced this new process to their Bridge Street factory. The press removed some of the cocoa butter from the beans, producing a less rich and more palatable cocoa essence the forerunner of the cocoa we know today. There was no need to add flour and Cadburys new cocoa essence was advertised as Absolutely puretherefore Best At that time there was much concern in Parliament about the adulteration of food, including cocoa. The new unadulterated Cadburys cocoa essence was heralded as a major breakthrough and resulted in the passing of the Adulteration of Food Acts in 1872 and 1875. Cadbury received a remarkable amount of free publicity during this period and sales increased dramatically. The marketing of this cocoa essence helped turn a small business into a vast worldwide company. The introduction of cocoa essence was not the only innovation that improved the Cadbury Brothers trade. The plentiful supply of cocoa butter remaining after the cocoa was pressed made it possible to produce a wide variety of new kinds of eating chocolate, leading to the development of the smooth creamy chocolate produced today. The quality of the chocolates made by the company following the introduction of the cocoa press was such that in the 1870s, Cadbury broke the monopoly which French producers had previously enjoyed in the British Market. Cadburys Chocolate Box A chocolate for eating had been produced at the Cadbury factory since 1849 but it was not, by todays standards, a very palatable product. With the availability of cocoa butter a new chocolate recipe produced chocolate similar to that which we enjoy today. Refined plain chocolate was made for moulding into blocks or making bars and chocolate creams that with chocolate-covered fruit-flavoured centres. Cadburys fancy chocolates- or assortments as they are now called were sold in decorated boxes, with small pictures that children could cut out to stick into scrapbooks. Richard Cadbury applied his considerable artistic talents to introduce more ambitious and attractive box designs from his own paintings, using his own children as models or depicting flowers and scenes from his travels. They were the first British-made fancy chocolate boxes and were very popular. Some of his original boxes still exist. Elaborate chocolate boxes were much prized as special gifts by the late Victorians as they could later be used as trinket or button boxes. Chocolate box designs ranged from superb velvet covered caskets with bevelled mirrors and silk lined jewel boxes to pretty boxes with pictures on the lid. The popularity of these splendid Cadbury boxes continued until their disappearance during the Second World War. Victorian and Edwardian chocolate boxes are now collectors items. Cadbury Brothers Ltd The business became a private limited company Cadbury Brothers Limited in 1899 following Richard Cadburys sudden death at the age of 63. George Cadbury became chairman of the new board and his fellow directors were Barrow and William A. Cadbury, sons of Richard and two of his own sons, Edward and George Cadbury Junior. By 1899, the Bournville factory had trebled in size with more than 2,600 employees. With the formation of the limited company, Bournville entered a new era as the younger members of the Board introduced new ideas analytical laboratories, advertising and cost offices, a sales department, works committee, medical department, pension funds, education and training for employees. The Bournville factory site became a series of factories within a factory, as everything needed for the business was produced on site, including tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio and printing plant. This policy continued until well after the Second World War when the rationalisation of the business to mainstream activity production and marketing of chocolate confectionery- led to the use of outside specialised suppliers for ancillary items. . Cadbury India began its operations in India in 1948 by importing chocolates. It now has manufacturing facilities in Thane, Induri (Pune) and Malanpur (Gwalior), Bangalore and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and sales offices in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The corporate head office is inMumbai. Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, Cadbury has worked with theKerala Agricultural University to undertake cocoa research. Cadbury was incorporated in India on 19 July 1948. Currently, Cadbury India operates in five categories – Chocolate confectionery, Beverages, Biscuits, Gum and Candy. Some of the key brands are Cadbury Dairy Milk, Bournvita, 5 Star, Perk, Bournville, Celebrations, Gems, Halls, Éclairs, Bubbaloo, Tang and Oreo. Its products include Cadbury Dairy Milk, Dairy Milk Silk, Bournville, 5-Star, Perk, Gems (a version of MMs), Eclairs,Bournvita, Celebrations, Bilkul Cadbury Dairy Milk Shots, Toblerone, Halls, Tang and Oreo. It is the market leader in the chocolate confectionery business with a market share of over 70%. Products Major chocolate brands produced by Cadbury include the bars Dairy Milk, Crunchie, Caramel, Wispa, Boost, Picnic, Flake, Curly Wurly, Chomp, and Fudge; chocolate Buttons; the boxed chocolate brand Milk Tray; and the twist-wrapped chocolates Heroes. As well as Cadburys chocolate, the company also owns Maynards and Halls, and is associated with several types of confectionery including former Trebor and Bassetts brands or products such as Liquorice Allsorts, Jelly Babies, Flumps, Mints, Black Jack chews, Trident gum, and Softmints. Notable product introductions include: 1866: Cocoa Essence 1875: Easter Eggs 1897: Milk Chocolate and Fingers 1905: Dairy Milk 1908: Bournville 1914: Frys Turkish Delight 1915: Milk Tray 1920: Flake 1923: Creme Egg (launched as Frys) 1926: Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit Nut 1929: Crunchie (launched as Frys) 1938: Roses 1948: Fudge 1958: Picnic 1960: Dairy Milk Buttons 1968: Aztec 1970: Curly Wurly 1974: Snack 1976: Double Decker 1981: Wispa (relaunched 2007) 1985: Boost 1987: Twirl 1992: Time Out 1995: Wispa Gold (relaunched 2009 and 2011) 1996: Fuse 2001: Brunch Bar, Dream and Flake Snow 2009: Dairy Milk Silk 2010: Dairy Milk Bliss 2011: Big Race oreo 2012: Marvellous Creations and Crispello. Advertising controversy In May 2011 the model Naomi Campbell described the new advertisement for the Bliss bar as insulting and hurtful. Reacting to the advertisement, which had the tag line Move over Naomi – there is a new diva in town, Campbell said, I am shocked. Its upsetting to be described as chocolate, not just for me, but for all black women and black people. I do not find any humour in this. A spokesperson for the company insisted that the campaign was a light-hearted take on the social pretensions of Cadbury Dairy Milk Bliss. The campaign was, he later added, no longer in circulation we have no plans to repeat the campaign. Reacting to Campbells outburst, comedian Reginald D. Hunter, on the BBC television comedy quiz Have I Got News For You, suggested that it was complimentary for black people to be compared to chocolate, and that enjoyment of the Bliss bar might even be enhanced by a love of black people. Health and safety 2006 Salmonella scare On 19 January 2006, Cadbury Schweppes detected a rare strain of the Salmonella bacteria, affecting seven of its products, said to have been caused by a leaking pipe. The leak occurred at itsMarlbrook plant, in Herefordshire, which produces chocolate crumb mixture; the mixture is then transported to factories at Bournville and formerly Somerdale to be turned into milk chocolate. It was not until around six months after the leak was detected that Cadbury Schweppes officially notified the Food Standards Agency, shortly after which it recalled more than a million chocolate bars. In December 2006, the company announced that the cost of dealing with the contamination would reach  £30 million. In April 2007, Birmingham City Council announced that it would be prosecuting Cadbury Schweppes in relation to three alleged offences of breaching food safety legislation. At that time, theHealth Protection Agency identified 31 people who had been infected with Salmonella Montevideo. One of the alleged victims had to be kept on a hospital isolation ward for five days after eating a Cadburys caramel bar. An investigation being carried out at that time by Herefordshire Council led to a further six charges being brought. The company pleaded guilty to all nine charges, and was fined one million pounds at Birmingham Crown Court—the sentencing of both cases was brought together.[70] Analysts have said the fine is not material to the group, with mitigating factors limiting the fine being that the company quickly admitted its guilt and said it had been mistaken that the infection did not pose a threat to health. Head office Cadburys head office is the Cadbury House in the Uxbridge Business Park in Uxbridge, London Borough of Hillingdon, England. The building occupies 84,000 square feet (7,800 m2) of space inside Building 3 of the business park. Cadbury, which leases space in the building it occupies, had relocated from central London to its current head office. Cadburys previous head office was in 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair, City of Westminster. In 1992 the company leased the space for  £55 per 1 square foot (0.093 m2). In 2002 the company agreed to pay  £68.75 per square foot. The Daily Telegraph reported in 2007 that the rent was expected to increase to a three-figure sum. In 2007 Cadbury Schweppes had announced that it was moving to Uxbridge to cut costs. As of that year the head office had 200 employees. After the Kraft Foods acquisition of Cadbury, Kraft announced that the Cadbury head office would remain the Cadbury House. Mission statement of cadbury. Cadbury’s mission statement says simply: ‘Cadbury means quality’; this is our promise. Our reputation is built upon quality; our commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that our promise is delivered’ . Vision The Vision into action (VIA) plan embodies all aspects of our strategy. Our governing objective is to deliver superior shareowner returns by realizing our vision to be the world’s biggest and best confectionery company. At the heart of our plan is our financial scorecard, judiciously reinforced by our priorities, commitments and culture . Management information strategy. A management information system (MIS) provides information that organizations require to manage themselves efficiently and effectively.[1] Management information systems are typically computer systems used for managing five primary components: 1.) Hardware, 2.) Software, 3.) Data (information for decision making), 4.) Procedures (design,development and documentation), and 5.) People (individuals, groups, or organizations). Management information systems are distinct from other information systems, in that they are used to analyze and facilitate strategic and operational activities.[2] Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations evaluate, design, implement, manage, and utilize systems to generate information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making, including systems termed decision support systems, expert systems, and executive information systems.[2] Most business schools (or colleges of business administration within universities) have an MIS department, alongside departments of accounting, finance, management, marketing, and sometimes others, and grant degrees (at undergrad, masters, and PhD levels) in MIS. Characteristics of management information strategies Strategic information management is a salient feature in the world of information technology (IT). In a nutshell, strategic information management helps businesses and organizations categorize, store, process and transfer the information they create and receive. It also offers tools for helping companies apply metrics and analytical tools to their information repositories, allowing them to recognize opportunities for growth and pinpoint ways to improve operational efficiency. Automation IT professionals design strategic information management systems to automate the management of incoming and outgoing information to the greatest possible degree. While each company has its own unique IT needs, strategic information management systems typically include built-in controls that filter, sort, categorize and store information in easy-to-manage categories. Customization Strategic information management systems are typically customized to meet the unique needs of each individual company. Incoming and outgoing data can be sorted and cross-referenced according to a wide range of individually specified controls and parameters, which include the companys business verticals and horizontals, individual clients, demographics, geographic location and business function. Strategic information management systems are extensively categorized, allowing for an optimal level of organization. Access controls can be as strict or as lax as the client wants, allowing for company-wide access to information databases or limiting information accessibility to key personnel. User-specific controls can also be set, in case employees need access to certain information but management wants to limit their access to sensitive data. Benefits The benefits of strategic information management can be felt from the executive level right down to the functional staff level. It can help businesses expand their operations into new areas, set goals, measure performance and improve overall productivity. Risks Some of the risks involved with strategic information management systems include implementation challenges, incompatibility with client databases and human error. As with other IT management techniques, data protection and information security is also an ongoing concern. Conclusion Cadbury is one of the best known brands in the world today. It is a brand which is associated with high levels of quality and customer satisfaction. The ongoing growth of Cafà © Cadbury provides a flagship that further helps to enhance the reputation of the Cadbury Masterbrand. At the same time, it provides customers with the opportunity to indulge themselves in the enjoyment of high quality products in a welcoming environment.

Roles Of The Un During The Cold War Politics Essay

Roles Of The Un During The Cold War Politics Essay Maintaining peace and order in the international system have always been the concerns of the states and statesmen.But ubiquitous anarchy and practicing poltics of absolute gain rather than mutual gain by the states have been major hindrance in achieving desired goals.First world war(1914-18)deteriorated the condition of peace and security in the international system.Seeing the catastrophe of the war and future possiblitiy of such devastating wars,the idea to set up an international organization,able to bind the states by an universally agreed set of laws and conduct came in the mind of then the US president Woodrow Wilson,he propsed:a general association of nation must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.This association of states was called League of Nation,which could not live up to its commitment to maintain order in the international system because of its few shortcomings as a general feeling existed that the league was an imposition of the victorious countries of first World War,Germany and USSR both made a late entry,and the US was not part of the league despite the fact that creation of the league was the brainchild of the US president Woodrow Wilson.Other reasons for the fall of league were acute economic crisis of that time and lack of commitment of the member states of the league. As the League of Nations was a product of first World War,so was the United Nations a product of the second World War.During the the war period,the idea that a new,major international organization would be needed to maintain peace and security in the post-war world,gradually gained popularity among the allied powers.The term United Nationswas coined by the US president Roosvelt.Its purpose,as laid down in article 1 of the charter,are: 1.To maintain international peace and security; 2.To develop friendly relations among nations; 3.To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic,social,cultural or humanitarian character; 4.To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends. The maintenance of international peace and security has been quite logically placed at the top of the list of purposes of the UN because in the absence of peace and security none of its other purposes can be realized. For the maintenance of international peace and security the UN will take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace,and to bring about by peaceful means,and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law,adjustment of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of peace.(Article 1.1) Fearing that theseeffective collective measureswould provide valid ground for frequent military and sometimes unjust actions too,Article1.2 of the charter encourages more positive steps asdevelop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self determination of people.The charter has specified certain methods too for the peaceful settlement of dispute among nations.These arenegotiation,enquiry,mediation,conciliation,arbitration,judicial settlement,resort to regional agencies or arrangements,or other peaceful means of their own choice. Since the purpose of maintenance of internal peace and security can not be realized under conditions of social unrest,economic backwardness and cultural drawbacks, the charter enjoins that the organization will seek to solve international economic,social,cultural and humanitarian problems on a basis of cooperation among nations that will promote and encouragerespect for human rights and for fundamental freedom for all without distinction as to race,religion,sex or language.(Article 1.3) Despite all the obligations and a benevolent charter it has been observed that many a times,UN just becomes the instrument in the hands of powerful states and its members commitment to peace and security remains a sincere but unlikely to be fulfilled hope.The General Assembly,the Economic and Social council and the Trusteeship council can only make recommendations but have no authority to make binding decisions.Only the security council has the authority to make binding decisions.But it also can be paralysed at any moment by any of the permanent members through the application of the veto. United Nations has seen its worst loggerheads and strong disagreements during the cold war,a short analysis is described here: United Nations:During Cold War- During the Cold War,the concept of collective security by which aggression against one member is met with the resistance by all,underlies the chapter 7 of the charter,which grants the security council the power to order coercive measures-ranging from diplomatic,economic,and military sanctions to the use of armed forces,in cases where attempts at a peaceful settlement have failed. Such measures were seldom applied during the Cold War, however, because tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union prevented the Security Council from agreeing on the instigators of aggression. Instead, actions to maintain peace and security often took the form of preventive diplomacy and peacekeeping. The Korean war:At the end of the second World War,Korea split in to two parts. The south part was supported by America while USSR dominated the north.Though the UN involves itself to the Korean matter in 1947,before the partition.It declared that UN would be there to oversee the elections for the whole country to ensure the credibility of the elections.USSR did not allow UN observers in northern part which was under its influence as a result,UN declared that results from north part were not acceptable as they had not been independently observed.By the end of 1948 Korea split in to North Korea and South Korea.North Korea was supported by communist USSR and China.The south was supported by America and was considered by the west only democratic country out of two.Both governments claimed the right to govern the other.Meanwhile North Korea backed by USSR and China attacked South Korea in 25 june,1950.When the Security Council met for the Korean regard,USSR delegation did not attend the m eeting.Therefore the use of veto by the USSR did not occur and America instantly claimed that North Korea had broken the world peace by attacking South Korea and called on North Korea to withdraw its forces from South Korea.On June 27th 1950,America called on the UN to use force to get the North Korea out as they had ignored the appeal of the internation community to withdraw their troops.USSR could not use its veto as they were still boycotting the UN.The UN now had to formulated its plan to to attack North Korea.Seventeen member states provided troops under UN joint commond,the UN force was dominated by the US troops its commander being American general Mac Arther.The UN troops effectively pushed North Korean troops out of South Korea.Mac Arther then advanced to the North Korea,ignoring the warning from China.As a result,situation got dramatically complex and Chinese attacked UN troops and managed to push back the UN forces.In 1953 a cease fire was agreed.the UN received much supp ort for taking robust action but surely not from the USSR and its allies.South Korea regained its independence and contuned to be supported from America.USSR later dropped it boycott of the Security Council and rejoined it during the Korean war.USSR blaimed UN security general Trygve Lie to act out of his powers.The Korean war gave a clear indication that the rivalry between the the two super powers would further drag on and mar the effectivity and credibility of the organization. Suez Crisis:On 26 July 1956,Egyption president Gamal Abdul Nasser nationalized the Suez canal,the canal was owned by Suez canal company which was controlled by the British and French interests.The crisis was provoked by American and British decision not to finance Egypts construction of Aswan high dam,as they had promised.In response to Egypts growing ties with communist USSR and its ally Czechoslovakia,Nasser reacted to American and British decision by declaring martial law in canal zone and seizing control of canal company,stating that the tolls collected from ships passing through the canal,would pay for the dams construction within five years.Britain and France feared that Nasser might close the canal and cut off shipments of petroleum flowing from Persian gulf to western Europe.When diplomatic efforts to settle down the crisis failed,Britain and France secretly prepared the military action to regain control of the canal and if possible,to depose Nasser.They found a ready ally in Israel whose hostility toward Egypt had been exacerbated by numourous raids by Egyption supported commandos in near past. On 29 oct.1956,Israeli forces invaded Egypt,routing Egyption forces.British and French following their plan,demanded Israeli and Egyption forces withdrawing their forces from canal and they would intervene to inforce cease fire ordered by the United Nations.On 5th and 6th Nov.British and French troops landed on Port Said and began occupying the canal zone.This move was soon met by growing opposition at home and by the US sponsored resolution in the UN(made in part to counter Soviet threats if intervention),which quickly put a stop to the Anglo-French action and brought a ceasefire in action and 6000 UN troops from nine countries known as`Bblue Helmetswere deployed it also established the first United Nations Emergency Force(UNEF)to secure and supervise the ceasefire.Suez crisis again warned that when the powerful states work for just vested interest(as Britain and France did in this case)global peace is always at stake and global peace is greatly threatened by not just failed and non democratic states but by democratic and modern states too. Congo Operation:The role of UN in Congo conflict has been quite controvisial.Congo till 1960 had been a Belgian colony.It became independent on June 30,1960.Belgians left the country in the state of complete confusion and disorder.This disorder broke out and Belgium sent its troops to the Congo,stating that its aim was to protect and evacuate Europeans.The government of Congo had not invited foreign troops.This was an illegal act as Congo was an independent country by then.Problem worsened when the mineral rich province of Congo,Katanga was declared independent by one leader Moise Tshombe who lead the people in Katanga.tshombe was backed by European companies who worked in Katanga as they hoped to take a cut from the considerable profits that could be made from mining.Katanga had the potential to make Congo one of the wealthiest African states,without it the new nation would remain poor.In such a scenario prime minister Patrice Lumumba appeared in the UN for help.The Security Council created an army to restore law and order in Congo.The army was instructed to restore law and order,stop other nations getting involved in the crisis,assist in building nations economy and restore political stability.The UN force was only allowed to use force as a measure of self defence and instructed to act impartial in any situation.Situation worsened when Lumumba asked the UN troops to crash the power of Tshombe.Secratery general of the UN Dag Hammerskjold turned down his demand.Lumumba immediately accused the UN of siding with Tshombe because of Katangas rich European componies that mined the the region.After being turned down by the UN,Lumumba turned to the USSR for help.The USSR provided Lumumbas government with weapons that gave him appourtunity to launch an attack against Katanga.Congo president Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba government for this attack and appointed the chief of the Congos army,colonel Mobutu as the new PM.Lumumba set up a rival group in the east of the country .But soon he was murdered.Through all of this the UN could do nothing as it had been agreed not to take side and fire in self defence only.Now to prevent a possible civil war,the Security Council gave permission to the UN army based there to use force to prevent a civil war occurring.Government in the centre asked the UN to provide military support for an attack on Katanga as it was well understood by then that no peace is possible unless the Katanga insurgency is solved.In August 1961,5000 UN troops launched an attack on Katanga and captured keypoints in the province.As a result of high onslaught,Tshombe agreed to talk to the government.Later Katanga was reunited with the rest of Congo. Apart from its military intervention and its consequences,the un had taken responsibility for the humanitarian programme as famine and and epidimics were endemic in Congo,un did significant work to amend the condition of the country.Though UN troops saved the country from felling in to civil war but UN had been accused of taking sides in Congo and it again showed the struggle of world powers to establish their poltical ideology in foreign land for their geo political purpose.Congo also regarded as playground of cold war politics. In short ,it has been analysed that during Cold War the UN has become a centre where America and the USSR always tried to pull each others leg to assert their superiority over the other and smaller and weaker nations always payed for their hostility.During the Cold War their situation can be compared to a group of school children,where twobig boysfighting for their dominance in the class and rest of the smaller kids looking at them with fear and helplessness.But we can not neglect the introduction of few very useful new concepts which proved to be crucial for future UN role as peacekeeping,peacemaking and humanitarian assistance. United Nations:Post Cold War Era: After the demise of the Cold war soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev,vowed to reform his country politically and economically and reduced the east-west tension by redefine the Russias relationship with the UN.Russia withdrew its forces from Vietnam,Cuba and few other parts of the world to show its commitment to the United Nations and collective security for the second inning.Gorbachev seemed to understand the futility of being loggerheads to the America as its treasury had drained and Russia was in acute financial crisis because of the proxy war with the US. In that new atmosphere of hope and trust it was believed that at last now the UN would be able to perform more effectively and adeptly.This was the time when Boutros Ghalis An Agenda for Peace was introduced to the UN which covers:preventive diplomacy,peacemaking,peace building and peacekeeping. Gulf War:This atmosphere of trust among the member states was best seen during the gulf war when Iraqs leader Saddam Hussain invaded Kuwait with the appreant aim to occupy Kuwaits oil resources.On August 3rd 1990 UN Security Council called for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait.But Saddam steadfastly refused to withdraw as he maintained Kuwait would remain a province of Iraq.As a response allied forces which included other Arab nations forces and led by the US reached the strength of 70000.On January 16-17,1991,the first gulf war began with massive US led air strikes.This military operation was given the nameOperation Desert StormIraqs military power soon collapsed and Kuwait was retaken by allied forces.By the time then US president George Bush declared a ceasefire,Iraqs resistance had completely collapsed.This collective operation plan was passed with unprecedented unanimity.It also strenthend the hope for the future role of the UN in maintaining international peace and security.After th e Gulf war UN also engaged itself to the problems of Iraqs minorities(Shite and Kurds)and managed the refugee problem.An indication of its broder future role. Another remarkable point about the post cold war scenario was that conflicts largely became intra state rather than inter state.first Gulf war remained an exception where Iraq attacked Kuwait. Yugoslavia Case:Conflict on ethnicity entailed so much violence and displacement of the population which Europe had not seen after the second World War.UN regisrered a late entry as it was first seen as the internal matter of the state.Security Council granted the proposal for a peacekeeping operation and the UN protection force(UNPROFOR)was established in 1992.But through out the conflict the impression grew that UN was largely impotent as carnages and bloodshed were still happening .It was also felt that international community was reluctant to intervene into intra state conflicts as they were not so much threatening global peace.Peacekeepers and humanitarian actors were attacked and theUN suffered economic crisis as well.But it at least prevented the spill over of the conflict in to neighbouring states and provided humanitarian assistance which was useful to some extent as it provided the framework for the final peace negotiation and agreements. Somalia Conflict:In 1991-92 Somalia was in total disorder and chaos as warring clans took over the parts of country.UN operation was done in a condition where there was no form of legitimate government,no security and no order.Famine and shortage of food were common.At first a small force formed by Pakistani troops(UNISOM1)was sent to Somalia to protect the humanitarian and relief workers .The Security Council resolution 794 authorized a large US led troops.This effort was labled as Operation Restore Hope or the United Task Force(UNITAF).Seeing no satisfactory development the Security Council authorized UNOSOM2 to use whatever force was necessary to disarm local warlords who refuse to surrender their arms and to ensure access to suffering civilians.Heavy army and cobra helicopters were called in by the UN command in 1993.This way UN engaged itself to the war of retaliation,an unexpected military adventure from a responsible international body.In retaliation local militia killed sever al foreign journalists and aid workers.At last UN had to withdraw its troops in March 1994 which further deteriorated already precarious condition.UN performance has been very mediocre and its morale was loose.In Somalia UN broke one of its principle as it intervened in Somalia without any request made by the state.It also showed its institutional weakness and learnt that it has a lot to learn about the situation of intra state war which was rather a new entry in the international system after the end of the Cold war. All we can say in short that they ray of hope which was generated after the Cold war regarding the responsibility and effectiveness of the organization,has been diminished as in intra state conflicts the UN has not performed well but one thing one must keep in mind that The UN role in the global system has been ever changing thus many a times creating difficulities for its functioning.Since the 1950s the working of the UN has been greatly affected by the advent of new members from the third world,the impact of changing superpower relations which have diminished or enhanced its role from time to time,the problems it has faced in peacekeeping,the budgetary crisis it has faced over the years,political conflicts inside the organization as once between the east and the west and now between the north and the south,the disintegration of the Soviet Union and unprecedented war on terror.All such factors are responsible for some times effective but many times poor performance of the organizati on. In resent past too genuine questions have been raised about the creadibility of the organization.Mainly in 2003 when the US attacked the Iraq for the second time.Then the US president George W.Bush did not look for the diplomatic effort and did not seek UN permission to launch attack on an independent country.The US payed no heed to the objections raised by other states of the Security Council.Contrary to the first Gulf war,this time most of the states did not support the attack as it was done on no solid ground.The US president George W Bush stated that Iraq had weapon of the mass distruction and Saddam had ties with Al Qaeda.WMDs have not been found till date and Saddam was such a figure that Al Qaeda or Osama Bin Laden would have loved to hate for his secular views in politics.So both the statements of then president Bush can easily be classified as the lies of the decade,dedly lies as they claimed several civilian lives in Iraq. This kind of behavior accentuates the problem of eliticism in the organization,But as the adage goes by thatsomething is always better than nothing.We can only envisage the situation of absence of the UN.In such a condition the wars and conflicts which have been averted by the UN efforts,would have been full fledged wars and claimed innumerable lives.Another example of the UNs commitment to the more stable world order is seen in the resent past with the creation on UN Peace Building Commission in 2005 to help the countries who have just faced the conflict and who has the great chance to lapse back into conflict situation.This commission is set to assist such countries in transforming in to peaceful society from the conflicted one.Though the numbers of such successful efforts are not too high but if an international organization can become a reality as a result of the genuine effort.It can surely be transformed in to more effective machinery but commitment,sensible enthusiasm and hope for a better and secure future are needed one more time. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES 1.Gareis,Sven Berhard and Varwick Johannes;The United Nations:An Introduction. 2.Oudraat,Chantal De Jonge;The United Nations and International Conflict. 3.Wilkinson,Paul;International Relations:A Very Short Introduction. 4. UN Security Operations after the Cold war,from the readings. 5.un.org 6.bbc.co.uk

Difference Between Believers And Non Believers Religion Essay

Difference Between Believers And Non Believers Religion Essay According to the Holy Quran, believers are They who turn (to Allah), who serve (Him), who praise (Him), who fast, who bow down, who prostrate themselves, who enjoin what is good and forbid what is evil, and who keep the limits of Allah; and give good news to the believers(Surah At-Tawba: Ayah 112). The Holy Quran further shades light on this; Successful indeed are the believers, Who are humble in their prayers, And who keep aloof from what is vain, And who are givers of poor-rate, And who guard their private parts, Except before their mates or those whom their right hands possess, for they surely are not blamable, But whoever seeks to go beyond that, these are they that exceed the limits; And those who are keepers of their trusts and their covenant, And those who keep a guard on their prayers; These are they who are the heirs, Who shall inherit the Paradise; they shall abide therein.( Surah Al-Muminun : Ayah 1-11). In regards to the Bible, we might generally say that the biggest difference between a believer and a non-believer is the thought process of how a person looks at new information. Believers believe things are true until proven false and non-believers see things as false until proven true. However, we might say the opposite when other subjects are introduced such the Theory of Evolution. So Christians can be guilty of the same accusation. Christians need to present their case to non-believers using mechanisms that do not start with the assumption the Bible is true because it is the Bible. More objective methods that do not use circular reasoning are needed in these forums. Well make far more progress this way. The Bible teaches that in order to be saved you must repent toward God which means to believe on the Lord Jesus Christ who shed his innocent blood for the forgiveness of all your sins. The Bible teaches that after you are saved you must stand in the true grace of God. (1) According to the Bible those who are saved are redeemed from the Law of Moses (Old Covenant) and are now under the New Covenant and a much higher law: The law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus. The Bible says, For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. (John 1:17). If you are led by the Spirit you are not under the Law of Moses:But if ye are led by the Spirit, ye are not under the law.(Gal. 5:18). The law of Moses- as holy and righteous a standard as it is- does not give eternal life because no one is justified by keeping the law: But that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for, The just shall live by faith.(Gal. 3:11). Paul explained that the flesh lusts against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are contrary the one to the other (walking after the flesh is contrary to walking after the Spirit) so we cannot do the things that we would: For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are contrary the one to the other: so that ye cannot do the things that ye would. (Gal. 5:17). The goals of the flesh (mans selfish desires) are contrary to the goals of the Holy Spirit in a Christians life. The goals of the flesh and the goals of the Holy Spirit are in opposition to each other. The Bible is clear that if the Christian follows the leading of the Holy Spirit he is not under the law, but if he walks after the flesh without repentance, God considers him to be under the law, not under grace. A pressing issue that seems to have controversies worldwide is the issue of charitable giving. Apparently, it is an issue that is debated within religions, between religions, or between believers and non-believers: Are Religious People More Charitable than Non-Believers? The differences in charity between secular and religious people are dramatic. Religious people are 25 percentage points more likely than secularists to donate money (91 percent to 66 percent) and 23 points more likely to volunteer time (67 percent to 44 percent). And, consistent with the findings of other writers, these data show that practicing a religion is more important than the actual religion itself in predicting charitable behavior. For example, among those who attend worship services regularly, 92 percent of Protestants give charitably, compared with 91 percent of Catholics, 91 percent of Jews, and 89 percent from other religions. In the book, Who Really Cares: Americas Charity Divide by Arthur C. Brooks (2006), Brooks cited several studies and surveys that appeared to demonstrate that secular Americans give less to charity than their religious counterparts. He proposed several reasons for these results, namely those secularists are just naturally less generous; that as a largely liberal group they had higher expectations of government welfare programs; and that they lacked a centralized institution such as a church that codified and encouraged giving. However, later critics have pointed out that it is not entirely clear whether the religious are more generous than the non-religious; other studies have shown that the real situation is far murkier. These critics of Brooks analysis were quick to point out that religious charities are usually clearly labeled as such, making it far easier to track the religious affiliations of the givers. Secular charities, by contrast, receive donations from religious and non-religious alike, with no particular distinction being made between the two. This might serve the purpose of concealing charitable giving by secular Americans. Recent efforts to establish pointedly secular charities like the Richard Dawkins-organized Non-Believers Giving Aid have been very successful, but by definition secular charities act very much like secular individuals in being non-discriminating with both their donations and their disbursement. There is some truth to Brooks contention that seculars who tend to lean liberal for the largest part would desire that welfare programs be run more justifiably through government agencies to a certain extent than being left to the whims of private charitable trusts. And as extreme as it sets off, more European secular individuals give far less to charities than their American counterparts. Nevertheless, this is not the complete picture. When the sum Europeans disburse in taxes to finance social programs abroad and at home is taken into consideration, then their charitable philanthropic far outstrips that of Americans. In extremely atheistic Denmark, for instance, the tax coffer contributes to ninety percent to foreign aid, while in the U.S. the figure is merely fifteen percent. Studies of spiritual generosity and belief that focused on non-cash giving established a further interesting result. With respect to donating blood, the religious belief or non-belief of the benefactor made extremely no distinction at all to the regularity or amount donated. equally, a study of American doctors who were prepared to forgo productive medical careers in order to work with the underprivileged in the oversees or the U.S. showed insignificant differences involving the secular and the religious, with 35% of the altruistic doctors self-identified unbeliever, as contrasted to 28% Catholics and 26% Protestants. In additional studies of bigheartedness by means of more restricted methods, no disparity was established between non-religious and religious subjects. occurrences of the dictator game where a single subject is given funds and requested to split it or not with an unidentified other player who knows not anything of the specifics of the deal established religious subjects were no more liberal than their non-religious counterparts; undeniably, a good number people who participated in the game offered the anonymous player half or almost half of the funds, despite of the religious belief or lack thereof. As in the majority of research of this sort, there is a threat of relying too much on peoples self-reporting of their activities, in particular where something as accepted as generous giving is fretful. Some studies, together with one done in 1973, give the impression that the spiritual were more probable to want to be seen as bighearted and consequently more probable to pump up the amount they contributed to charity. Tom Flynn, in a free of charge Inquiry expose, illustrated the self-reporting impasse by referring to the oft-cited statistic that 40% of Americans account to having attended church services in the previous week, then illuminating that when researchers essentially went out to a big sampling of churches and counted attendants, the number was nearer to 20%. He supposes that the accurate inconsistency linking religious and non-religious giving, if any, can by no means be definitively known as long as self-reporting is the major means of data compilation. In the discussion featured in The Great God Debate showcasing atheist Christopher Hitchens and the Jewish Rabbi David Wolpe, similar to many of the encounters involving Hitchens and religious leaders, the argument was fascinating and spirited. This was one issue that came up-and perpetually does in these debates-was the subject of generous giving, and the reality that religious people confer substantially more of their money and time to charity than non believers. despite the fact that Hitchens endeavored to invalidate that allegation by claiming that spiritual charitable giving frequently comes with strings attached-that is as part of some sort of evangelical outreach to win further converts- the basic truth that spiritual people give more is inflexible to refute. Hitches also conversed about the Richard Dawkins Foundations endeavor to raise funds for survivors of the Haitian tremor. In addition, it ought to be understood that the dissimilarity is not only relevant to believers. Also, non believers are equally liberal with their money and time. So whatsoever the reason is, its not a basis specific to one belief. Thus believers cannot justifiably claim that their openhandedness is because of some inherent moral virtue or righteousness of their faith. There ought to be factors at work that are universal to all major spiritual groups. Adding to this, the significance of benevolent giving isnt constrained to one political group or even within a specific religion. Pious liberals are in addition much more probable to contribute money and time to charitable causes than their non-believing counterparts. it is factual that believers typically suppose that the government ought to have a superior role in helping the needy and poor in the world which, in turn, should decrease the need for clandestine donations, except that the belief definitely doesnt impede believers from donating their money and time at the higher rates distinctive of all religious believers, so the grounds why religious people contribute more is small to do with politics. Lastly, after an extended assessment of government wellbeing and how he believes is impairing charitable giving and religious faith, Brooks gets around to tackling the grounds of why devout believers tend to be more bighearted than non-believers. He further points out that it might be that belief simply has a strong didactic control over volunteering and giving. Various places of worship might educate their congr egants the spiritual responsibility to give, and about both the spiritual and physical desires of the poor. Basically, people are more likely to study charity in a synagogue, mosque or church than outside. Its unquestionable that places of worship are highly significant when it comes to bountiful giving. But its to a large extent more than just educating people that they ought to give. First, congregants are not merely taught that it is their just duty to offer, they are frequently told in no doubtful terms that they will be known by their fruits-that if they are certainly authentic to their belief, they will portray it by bequeathing their money and time to laudable causes. This is an enticement beyond and above just telling people that it is the correct thing to do. Next, religious leaders are continuously repeating to their congregants of their spiritual duty to give bigheartedly, mostly in times of crisis (What Laws are Believers Under, 2001,  ¶1-5). For example, how many American pastors agreed up the prospect to sermonize a discourse about the moral conscientiousness of looking after those less fortunate than ourselves in the consequences of Hurricane Katrina? very few just as everyone would wager. And its not just the influential who frequently remind believers about contributions, it is also as a result of peer pressure. Among the parishioners there will for all time be a number of people on the lookout for help with one laudable reason or another. If you are a vigorous affiliate of a religious community, its hard to keep away from all these desires for your money and time. In conclusion, religious institutions hearten charitable donations by putting up the infrastructure that makes philanthropic as painless and as easy as likely. each Sunday in several churches around the globe, an offertory bowl is passed under every congregants nose. In several of those churches, you can even set up a monthly express debit to send your cash from your account to the churchs personal coffers with no lifting a finger. Furthermore as a plus, you get to set aside some money on the taxes as well. There are stands in the churches coffee rooms dealing with Traidcraft goods in assistance to Third World scarcity, as well as tables set up where people can give up their time to help out in the neighborhood. The listing of ways that spiritual institutions assist people contribute their time and money to generous causes is endless (Buzz, 2010,  ¶4). Its also worth remembering that while most organizations charge a membership fee in order to help fund its financial obligations, religious organizations typically do not, and thus all monies collected from members in support of their operations are classed as charity, thus greatly boosting the overall amount religious people donate. Compare all that with the experience of the non-believer. There is little question that the vast majority of non-religious people believe that charitable giving is a good and moral thing to do. Even without access to a vast religious infrastructure to help them, two-thirds of all non-believers still donate money to charity on a regular basis. So why dont non-believers donate as much or as often? Simply put, they lack the same motivations and opportunities that religious people have. Non-believers do not have their moral duty to give to charity preached at fifty-two Sundays a year. They do not have a collection plate waved in their face every week reminding them of their obligation to make a donation. They do not typically frequent places where large on-going efforts to raise money for charity are underway, and they usually only have their consciences stirred when some great tragedy hits the news headlines-like the Ethiopian famines, Hurricane Katrina, or the Haitian earthquake. So I dont think that it is at all surprising that non-religious people give less of their time and money to charity. But its not because non-believers are intrinsically less moral in any way, its simply because they lack the same obligations, encouragement, and outlets that religious people have. Ashford (2010), points out an excellent proposition on this issue that if aid is indeed a cultured behavior, it may be that houses of devotion are only meant to teach it. Secularists concerned in increasing benevolent volunteering and giving among their ranks might expend some effort opinionating on alternative ways to foster these habits. It at all there exists hope, then it would be in efforts to give many more people a taste of what its like to donate ones time to charitable works. Study after study have shown that engaging in regular volunteer work can be a great benefit to ones mental and physical health. It doesnt matter if the volunteerism is conducted through a religious institution or not, almost everyone who tries it, even for a short time, begins to experience those personal benefits first hand, making it more likely that they would want to persist doing it on a customary basis ( ¶5-8). Basically, individuals must come together in the public and decide how communal wealth will be allocated as well as how actions will be governed.   These opinionated questions bring both nonbelievers and believers together and force interaction among them.   It is not good enough for believers and nonbelievers to twist their backs on one other when real-life sensible matters are at risk.   Providentially, there is a lot of universal ground accessible between believers and nonbelievers to tackle practical problems. So there are various ways to hearten charitable giving as well as instill good habits beyond the auspices of spiritual groups, despite the fact that I do not underrate the scale of the duty of matching the altruistic work performed and encouraged through religious institutions. The most important aspect to keep in mind is that there is nothing supernatural or mystical regarding the generosity of religious people. It is purely an end product of indoctrination, facilita tion, promotion as well as education facilitated by the various religious institutions they belong to.